S U B M A R G I N A L I A
"I seldom read except to amuse myself, and I am almost always reading." -- Coleridge
Wednesday, March 30, 2011
Philosophy is the same thing, but once removed. It can get abstract and you can get lost trying to find the thread back to the philosopher's originating experience. But philosophy has this in common with literature: it is also an experience. And the philosophical method entails re-experiencing what the philosopher has experienced. If you don't do this, it will be no use trying to "understand" -- perhaps that's not even the right word to be using. You must always concentrate on EXPERIENCE. I actually go around counting how many times an explanatory text on Plato uses that word. Although I haven't read it yet, the text you pointed out -- "Approaching Plato" -- uses that word more than twenty times. One of the lines seems very appropriate: "The Euthydemus is not a dialogue to study. It is an experience."
Sorry about maybe having too long a comment, but here is a quote from one of his lessons (which I translated from the original, in Portuguese):
"One book that I will indicate — don’t read it now, just keep this in your head — is the book on Plato by Paul Friedländer [Plato: an Introduction. New York: Harper and Row, 1958]. It’s a great book, which left its mark on three or four generations of Plato scholars. What is Friedländer's secret? He links ideas back to experience. He searches out the specific circumstances, concrete and human, in which certain questions occurred to Socrates and Plato, and shows how they interpreted and worked on their own experience to extract from them the philosophical concepts that they would later discuss. To discover the experiential (not “experimental”) substance of the philosophical concepts is practically everything. This is the philosophical method itself. It is an immense effort, not only in the intellectual sphere, but also in the psychological and moral spheres as well. Many times it will be necessary to search for the roots of philosophical concepts in internal experiences that you had twenty or thirty years before: it is an intense labor of anamnesis, of self-knowledge and self-analysis, and what spoils philosophy are the people who do not know how to do this. Because whoever doesn’t know how to do this uses philosophical concepts as fetishes, as if they were things in and of themselves, and they go into a verbalism without restraint in which they never know what they are talking about and never admit to being called upon to clarify. These people have fear: since they have no human substance nor experience of life, but only what they read in books, they never know what philosophers are talking about. They know what the philosopher said, but not to what that corresponds in reality, and therefore what they say has no substance in reality; it is only academic verbiage."
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
Louis Lavelle
Le plus grand bien que nous faisons aux autres hommes n'est pas de leur communiquer notre richesse, mais de leur découvrir la leur.
Monday, January 31, 2011
Notes on Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria
Notes on Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria
from CHAPTER 13
[IMAGINATION]
On the imagination, or esemplastic power
1) The Imagination then I consider either as primary, or secondary. The primary Imagination I hold to be the living Power and prime Agent of all human Perception, and as a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite I Am. The secondary I consider as an echo of the former, co-existing with the conscious will, yet still as identical with the primary in the kind of its agency, and differing only in degree, and in the mode of its operation. It dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to re-create; or where this process is rendered impossible, yet still at all events it struggles to idealize and to unify. It is essentially vital, even as all objects (as objects) are essentially fixed and dead.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge divides imagination into two parts: the primary and secondary imagination. As the "living Power and prime Agent," the primary imagination is attributed a divine quality, namely the creation of the self, the "I Am." However, because it is not subject to human will, the poet has no control over the primary imagination. It is the intrinsic quality of the poet that makes him or her a Creator; harking back to Wordsworth, the primary imagination can be likened to poetic genius. The secondary imagination is an echo of the primary. It is like the former in every way except that it is restricted in some capacity. It co-exists with the conscious will, but because of this, the secondary imagination does not have the unlimited power to create. It struggles to attain the ideal but can never reach it. Still the primary governs the secondary, and imagination gives rise to our ideas of perfection. In this way, Coleridge and Shelley share the belief that inimitable forms of creation can only exist in the mind. As soon as the poet decides to write down his or her poem, for example, the work is inevitably diminished.
seek what they sought
“Do not seek to follow in the footsteps of the men of old; seek what they sought.” | |
leave your subjective preoccupation with yourself
Basho Quotations : Brief selections from a Japanese Haiku master | ||
"Go to the pine if you want to learn about the pine, or to the bamboo if you want to learn about the bamboo. And in doing so, you must leave your subjective preoccupation with yourself. Otherwise you impose yourself on the object and do not learn. Your poetry issues of its own accord when you and the object have become one - when you have plunged deep enough into the object to see something like a hidden glimmering there. However well-phrased your poetry may be, if your feeling is not natural - if the object and yourself are separate - then your poetry is not true poetry but merely your subjective counterfeit." "Go to the object. Leave your subjective preoccupation with yourself. Do not impose yourself on the object. Become one with the object. Plunge deep enough into the object to see something like a hidden glimmering there. Your feeling is not natural when the object and yourself are separate. You must become one with the object in order for your poetry to be true." "No matter where your interest lies, you will not be able to accomplish anything unless you bring your deepest devotion to it." |
Tuesday, June 15, 2010
A formação do Espaço Interior
Fui à livraria ontem, na hora do almoço, para aliviar o dia. Rondo o local, não sei para onde vou. Acabei na seção de revistas culturais, de escritores, etc. O que estou procurando? Não sei. Vou saber quando encontrar. Bato o olho em dezenas de artigos e rejeito tudo. Pouca coisa me parece interessante. Folheio mais. Rejeito volumes inteiros, só pela capa: na maioria das vezes, porque é colorida demais, frívola demais, e sei que o interior será o mesmo. Julgo, sim, pela capa: não quero perder tempo, estou na hora do almoço. Encontro uma mais sóbria, mais séria: “American Scholar”. Gosto do título. Folheio e leio, só algumas frases de cada artigo: já dá pra sentir se vai ser bom ou ruim. Descarto, vou pulando, até encontrar o que estava procurando sem saber: “Reading in a Digital Age”, de Sven Birkerts.
Que porrada. Após a primeira leitura, já começam as mudanças. A primeira coisa diferente que fiz -- embora o artigo não tenha sugerido isso -- foi não ouvir nada, no carro, durante o trajeto de volta para casa, que demora uma meia hora. Normalmente, escuto alguma gravação -- aula de filosofia, ou de qualquer outro curso que esteja fazendo naquele momento (crítica literária, as “grandes idéias”, grego clássico, linguística, etc.). Mas decido criar um “espaço interior” e fico ali calado, dirigindo para casa, ouvindo o que passa pela minha cabeça. Essa foi a primeira reação, espontânea.
Sinto que tenho que reagir ao texto, que é um desafio que o autor está colocando diante de mim. Claro que ele só estava descrevendo uma experiência vivida por ele, de espanto com seus alunos, que não conseguiam ler um texto de Henry James, por ser longo demais, por requerer atenção e concentração nesses dias de internet, onde tudo é instantâneo e breve. Pulamos de um link para outro como de galho em galho, para agarrar o nada.
O que significa isso para as nossas mentes, ele se pergunta, e vem a assombração, o horror: há uma mudança de paradigma, um movimento das placas tectônicas parecido com o que aconteceu quando da invenção do relógio. As mentes começam a funcionar de outra maneira, pensar de outra forma, e o próprio ato de ler não é mais o mesmo: metamorfou-se num monstrenguinho irritante e frívolo, um mosquito que pousa momentaneamente no texto, dá uma sugada-relâmpago, e segue seu vôozinho frenético.
É assustador. É assustador porque vejo que acontece comigo também, embora Sven esteja falando de gente 20 anos mais jovem do que eu. O que fazer? Criar o meu espaço interior. Parar de navegar tanto na internet. Gostei de ter encontrado o artigo dele não na internet, mas na livraria. Gostei porque comecei, ali mesmo, ou talvez pouco depois, a perceber que naquele ato físico de adentrar a livraria havia um reflexo dos movimentos profundos da minha mente. Digamos que tornei consciente meu inconsciente. Mas ao folhear as revistas estava folheando também memórias e impressões, remexendo essas profundezas do meu ser, e sentia que estava tentando conectar-me com algo real existente dentro de mim. As revistas que rejeitava não ressoavam internamente, mas quando li apenas algumas palavras daquele artigo pressenti imediatamente o elo formado entre o texto e minha realidade interior.
Tava antenado, morô. Ou coisa parecida. O importante é que percebi, tive noção desses movimentos profundos e soube relacioná-los às imediações superficiais. Isso é bom -- normalmente me passa despercebido.
Não tenho vontade de recapitular a leitura, nem um pouco. Quem quiser ler, vá atrás. Não vou colocar link. Não é para linkar porra nenhuma. É para ler sobre essa minha experiência e aprofundar-se na sua. Não dá para notar como seria irônico eu colocar um link, nesse momento, quando estou falando exatamente da necessidade de parar um pouco, de não sair esbaforido por aí lendo tudo que tiver um hiperlink? Não é pra estar conectado a toda hora, não. É necessário parar. Fui o que fiz. Comecei a criar um espaço interior.
Quando voltei para casa senti a necessidade de voltar ao Livro do Desassossego, meu companheiro de tantas horas, aquele que leu e lê a minha alma. Não pergunto mais por quê -- vou atrás do impulso. Não tento narrar para mim mesmo a razão desse querer, pois sei que alguma há e que qualquer explicação que contar para mim mesmo será apenas o verniz, o adorno da realidade subjacente.
Hoje tenho mais confiança nesses meus impulsos e menos necessidade de análise. Sei que a análise será superficial, um ponto ínfimo incapaz de abarcar o todo que senti. Deixo estar. Aqui, agora, deixo a palavra que brota dentro de mim aflorar, deixo as frases se encalacrarem por si mesmas e me largo a elas: que venham.
Sempre tive pudor, demasiado pudor ao escrever. Nunca me soltei. Sempre senti essa camisa de força ante o vazio da página, como se o espaço branco me envolvesse numa segunda pele, apertada, esticada sobre meu corpo inerte. Sei que acontece agora mesmo, enquanto escrevo, em grande medida. Digo a mim mesmo que isso não me acontece mais, mas é um jogo patológico, um “wishful thinking” destinado a libertar-me, quando o mais certo seria propor-me o contrário: estreitar mais ainda as opções, elevar o pudor ao extremo para sufocar-me ainda mais, no intuito de criar uma tensão insuportável calculada a desenbocar numa explosão libertadora.
Enfim, o texto me abalou muito, não porque não sabia da realidade ali exposta --já que a sentia dentro de mim, ele estava também falando de mim--mas porque fiz umas conexões com as aulas do prof. Olavo, que já estavam fermentando e que só precisavam de um catalisador para forçar o momento à sua crise inevitável.
Como fica a minha vida, doravante? Um filósofo não só lê -- ele internaliza a leitura e é por ela transformado. Às vezes acontece de roldão; mas normalmente é aos poucos. Fico achando que de repente vai haver um “clic” e tudo será diferente. Pode até ser, mas dura pouco. Em breve, estarei de volta ao estado anterior de indiferença ao espaço interior. Não basta “querer”. Quero um bando de coisa, mas nunca vou atrás, não com afinco, não como se a minha vida dependesse disso. E depende.
Estou falando aqui de algo muito sério. Todo meu futuro depende disso: a criação desse espaço interior, a partir do qual toda a pauta da minha vida será determinada. E é ainda mais do que isso; não se trata só do que vou fazer, mas de como vou ser. A palavra é “como”, mesmo. É o “como” que desvenda a atitude interior.
Fico aflito. A busca desse espaço interior torna-se premente.
Noto que leio demais. Estou sempre lendo e nunca digerindo. A internet nos leva a isso. Chega de comprar livros. O problema é que um livro puxa outro. “Vou fazer só uma pesquisa disso aqui”, digo a mim mesmo, e lá vou eu ladeira abaixo, deslizando na enxurrada de bosta online.
É uma doença, a internet -- é um saco de batata frita que não dá para parar de comer. Entupo-me disso diariamente, e meu espaço interior é sugado para fora de mim. Entro no vórtice e não saio, e às vezes parece que nunca vou conseguir sair.
Elaboro esse pequeno texto -- não sabia exatamente onde queria chegar. Isso é bom. Vou escrevendo e descobrindo.
Noto que é uma questão de vida ou morte: da minha própria mente, da minha consciência e subconsciência. Tudo vira pastoso, uma pasta indiscernível, chapada e acachapante. E me lambuzo nela, faço isso a mim mesmo -- por covardia e preguiça. Por pura incapacidade mental, falta de força de vontade, cegueira. Sei que é veneno -- mas tomo mesmo assim.
Olho para trás e vejo um grande vazio, um frenesi alucinante: é assim que minha vida tem transcorrido. Em meio aos iPhones e às infinitas conexões. Tudo se conecta a tudo, e lá vou eu seguindo o pontilhado. Olho à minha volta e noto que estou no mesmo lugar. Há décadas que estou sempre voltando ao mesmo lugar. Já senti o cheiro disso daqui -- não adianta nada encobri-lo com um pacote brilhante e novo.
Transformação -- se não há transformação, é tudo em vão. A transformação levará a outro lugar, não esse. Ou talvez a esse mesmo lugar, desde que com outros olhos, uma nova atitude.
Estamos sendo arrastados -- não, estamos em cima da falha continental e a placa tectônica inicia seu movimento. Todos estão em cima dela e seu movimento é imperceptível: se todos estão mexendo ao mesmo tempo, no mesmo ritmo, na mesma direção, junto com você, a impressão é de imobilidade, estabilidade. Não me conformo com essa nova concepção da mente. Podem ir sem mim: vou criar meu espaço interior, meu próprio continente, de onde observarei essa mudança épica sem me imiscuir nela.
Não vou a outro lugar: finquei-me aqui, enquanto todos se movem. E a cada dia que passa sinto a distância aumentar entre meu eu e os eus alheios. Lá vai o continente à deriva, sem mim. Adeus.
Monday, June 14, 2010
Carlyle - "O Homem é o espírito em que trabalhou; não o que fez, mas o que se tornou".
“’What are your historical Facts; still more your biographical? Wilt thou know a Man, above all a Mankind, by stringing together bead-rolls of what thou namest Fact? The Man is the spirit he worked in; not what he did, but what he became. Facts are engraved Hierograms, for which the fewest have the key. And then how your Blockhead (Dummkopf) studies not their Meaning; but simply whether they are well or ill cut, what he calls Moral or Immoral!”
Sunday, June 13, 2010
Filme "Altered States" -- uma análise lawrenciana

"A skylark that was alone on an island would be songless and meaningless, his individuality gone, running about like a mouse in the grass. But if there were one female with him, it would lift him singing into the air, and restore him his real individuality."And so with men and women. It is in relationship to one another that they have their true individuality and their distinct being: in contact, not out of contact. This is sex, if you like. But it is no more sex than sunshine on the grass is sex. It is a living contact, give and take: the great and subtle relationship of men and women, man and woman. In this and through this we become real individuals, without it, without the real contact, we remain more or less nonentities."But of course, it is necessary to have the contact alive and unfixed. It is not a question of: Marry the woman and have done with it.-- That is only one of the stupid recipes for avoiding contact and killing contact. There are many popular dodges for killing every possibility of true contact: like sticking a woman on a pedestal, or the reverse, sticking her beneath notice; or making a ‘model’ housewife of her, or a ‘model’ mother, or a ‘model’ help-meet. All mere devices for avoiding any contact with her. A woman is not a ‘model’ anything. She is not even a distinct and definite personality. It is time we got rid of these fixed notions. A woman is a living fountain whose spray falls delicately around her, on all that come near. A woman is a strange soft vibration on the air, going forth unknown and unconscious, and seeking a vibration of response.--Or else she is a discordant, jarring, painful vibration, going forth and hurting everyone within range. And a man the same. A man as he lives and moves and has being, is a fountain of life-vibration, quivering and flowing towards some-one, something that will receive his outflow and send back an inflow, so that a circuit is completed, and there is a sort of peace. Or else he is a source of irritation, discord, and pain, harming everyone near him."But while we remain healthy and positive, we seek all the time to come into true human relationship with other human beings. Yet it has to happen, the relationship, almost unconsciously--we can’t deliberately do much with a human connection, except smash it: and that is usually not difficult. On the positive side, we can only most carefully let it take place, without interfering or forcing."We are labouring under a false conception of ourselves. For centuries, man has been the conquering hero, and woman has been merely the string to his bow, part of his accoutrement. Then woman was allowed to have a soul of her own, a separate soul. So the separating business started, with all the clamour of freedom and independence. Now the freedom and independence have been rather overdone, they lead to an empty nowhere, the rubbish heap of all our dead feelings and waste illusions."The conquering hero business is as obsolete as Marshal Hindenburg, and about as effective. The world sees attempts at revival of this stunt, but they are usually silly, in the end. Man is no longer a conquering hero. Neither is he a supreme soul isolated and alone in the universe, facing the Unknown in the eternity of death. That stunt is also played out, though the pathetic boys of today keep on insisting on it: especially the pathetic boys who wrap themselves in the egoistic pathos of their sufferings during the late war."But both stunts are played out, both the conquering hero and the pathetic hero clothed in suffering and facing Eternity in the soul’s last isolation. The second stunt is, of course, more popular today, and still dangerous to the self-pitying, played-out specimens of the younger generation. But for all that, it is a dud stunt, finished."What a man has to do today is to admit, at last, that all these fixed ideas are no good. As a fixed object, even as an individuality or a personality, no human being, man or woman, amounts to much. The great I AM does not apply to human beings, so they may as well leave it alone. As soon as anybody, man or woman, becomes a great I AM, he becomes nothing. Man or woman, each is a flow, a flowing life. And without one another, we can’t flow, just as a river cannot flow without banks. A woman is one bank of the river of my life, and the world is the other. Without the two shores, my life would be a marsh. It is the relationship to woman, and to my fellow-men, which makes me myself a river of life."And it is this, even, that gives me my soul. A man who has never had a vital relationship to any other human being doesn’t really have a soul. We cannot feel that Immanuel Kant ever had a soul. A soul is something that forms and fulfils itself in my contacts, my living touch with people I have loved or hated or truly known. I am born with the clue to my soul. The wholeness of my soul I must achieve.--And by my soul I mean my wholeness. What we suffer from today is the lack of a sense of our own wholeness, or completeness, which is peace. What we lack, what the young lack, is a sense of being whole in themselves. They feel so scrappy, they have no peace. And by peace I don’t mean inertia, but the full flowing of life, like a river.
"We lack peace because we are not whole. And we are not whole because we have known only a tithe of the vital relationships we might have had."
Sob a ótica olaviana
"When the extraordinary, the unheard-of occurs--like a Siamese cat speaking Zebraic--he is prepared because he has already imagined it, and he alone is able to protect his tribe against the unusual.""'Hetty had never read a novel', George Eliot tells us, '(so) how could she find shape for her expectations?""... stories tell us not so much what life means as what it's like. Rather than abstract or 'objective' truths, stories deal with perceptions.... And by recognizing that we can see things differently, we realize that things we used to think were fixed, objective entities 'out there' were fixed only in our perceptions.""The story has not only allowed us to see reality from another angle, but it has helped us to sharpen our own vision, our own experience. Reading fiction may ultimately contribute significantly to the way we understand and experience our own lives."
Como escolhi o nome do blog (Submarginalia)
I ‘My face, unless when animated by immediate eloquence, expresses great sloth and great, indeed almost idiotic, good nature. 'Tis a mere carcase of a face, fat, flabby, and expressive chiefly of inexpression. Yet I am told that my eyes, eyebrows, and forehead are physiognomically good. … As to my shape, 'tis a good shape enough if measured; but my gait is awkward, and the walk of the whole man indicates indolence capable of energies. I am and ever have been a great reader, and have read almost everything, a library cormorant. I am deep in all out-of-the-way books, whether of the monkish times or the puritanical era. I have read and digested most of the historical writers, but I do not like history. Metaphysics and poetry and “facts of mind” (i.e. accounts of all the strange phantasms that ever possessed your philosophy-dreamers from Tauth, the Egyptian, to Taylor, the English pagan) are my darling studies. In short, I seldom read except to amuse myself, and I am almost always reading. Of useful knowledge I am a so-so chemist, and I love chemistry, all else is blank; but I will be (please God) an horticulturist and a farmer. I compose very little; and I absolutely hate composition. Such is my dislike that even a sense of duty is sometimes too weak to overpower it. I cannot breathe through my nose; so my mouth with sensual thick lips is almost always open.’